What Is a Hardship Withdrawal?
A hardship withdrawal is an emergency removal of funds from a retirement plan, sought in response to what the IRS calls “an immediate and heavy financial need.” Such special distributions may be allowed without penalty from accounts like a traditional IRA or a 401(k), provided the withdrawal meets specific criteria regarding the necessity and amount of the funds.
However, even if the IRS penalty is waived—a 10% penalty for distributions made before age 59½—the distribution will still be subject to standard income tax unless it’s a Roth account.
The IRS and most employers who offer 401(k)s impose stringent criteria for these distributions to limit when they may be used and how much can be withdrawn. The rules governing such withdrawals differ based on the type of retirement fund and its administrator.
Key Takeaways
- If you’re younger than 59½ and suffering a financial hardship, you may be able to withdraw funds from your retirement accounts without incurring the usual 10% penalty.
- Not all hardships qualify, and you’re still responsible for paying income tax on the withdrawal unless it’s a Roth account.
- Remember that you won’t be able to return the funds to the account if your finances improve.
- Consider other alternatives to hardship withdrawals, such as a Substantially Equal Periodic Payments (SEPP) plan.
Hardship Withdrawals From IRAs
The IRS will waive the 10% penalty for early withdrawals—that is, before age 59½—from an IRA in two specific situations: purchasing a home for the first time and pursuing higher education.
Unlike a loan you might take from your 401(k), the funds from a hardship withdrawal cannot be returned to your account, even if your financial position improves.
Hardship Withdrawals From 401(k)s
Whether you can take a hardship distribution from your 401(k) or 403(b) plan—and for which reasons—is up to the employer who sponsors the program. “A retirement plan may, but is not required to, provide for hardship distributions,” states the IRS. If the plan allows such distributions, it must specify what qualifies as a hardship, such as paying for medical or funeral expenses. Employers may require documentation of your hardship.
If your employer permits a withdrawal for a particular reason, IRS rules govern whether the 10% penalty for withdrawals made before age 59½ will be waived, and how much you’re allowed to withdraw. These conditions are similar to those for IRA withdrawals, but there are some differences.
Hardship Withdrawal Alternatives
If you’re younger than 59½ and considering a withdrawal from your retirement account, you have another option that would allow you to avoid the 10% penalty: a Substantially Equal Periodic Payments (SEPP) plan. Here’s how it works: The funds you want to tap are placed into the SEPP plan, which will then pay you annual distributions for five years or until you turn 59½, whichever comes later. As with hardship withdrawals, only the 10% penalty is waived; you’re still liable for paying income tax on the early withdrawals.
Note: This option requires a long-term commitment to early withdrawals. The IRS requires individuals to continue the SEPP plan for at least five years, so it is not a solution for short-term access to retirement funds without a penalty. If you cancel the plan before the minimum holding period expires, you’re required to pay the IRS the penalty that was waived under the program for the penalty-free years, plus interest.
Also, funds held in an employer-sponsored plan, such as a 401(k), can be used in a SEPP only if you no longer work for the sponsoring employer. Once you start a SEPP program on a retirement account, you may not make any additions to or take distributions from the account. Any changes to the account balance, with the exception of the SEPP and required fees, may lead to disqualification by the IRS and the imposition of the 10% penalty that was waived, plus interest.
Despite these limitations, a SEPP plan is worth considering if you need to tap funds early. Among other benefits, a SEPP plan may be less restrictive regarding how you spend the funds you withdraw without penalty compared to hardship withdrawals.
What Qualifies as a Hardship With the IRS?
Various circumstances qualify as a hardship with the IRS. You can withdraw funds from an IRA for higher education expenses or for a first-time home purchase. With a 401(k), there are even more hardship options, including medical and funeral expenses.
Why Would a Hardship Withdrawal Be Denied?
A hardship withdrawal might be denied if your plan doesn’t allow withdrawals for that reason. Rules for withdrawals vary from plan to plan.
Can You Do a Hardship Withdrawal to Pay Off Debt?
According to the IRS, paying down debt does not qualify for a hardship withdrawal.
The Bottom Line
Hardship withdrawals can provide necessary funds in an emergency—without a credit check—but they should be used sparingly and only if all other alternatives have been tried or dismissed.
By accessing funds held in a tax-advantaged account and making them subject to income tax, a hardship withdrawal is likely to increase your tax bill for the year. It will also permanently reduce the funds targeted for your retirement.
That’s why you should consider a hardship withdrawal only as a last resort to meet an exceptional and pressing need.
Related Terms: retirement distribution, Roth IRA, loan from 401(k), early withdrawal tax, tax-advantaged accounts.
References
- Internal Revenue Service. “Retirement Topics - Hardship Distributions.”
- Internal Revenue Service. “Retirement Plans FAQs Regarding Hardship Distributions.”
- Internal Revenue Service. “Substantially Equal Periodic Payments.”
- Internal Revenue Service. “Hardships, Early Withdrawals and Loans”.
- Internal Revenue Service. “Retirement Topics: Exceptions to Tax on Early Distributions.”
- Fidelity. “Understanding Retirement Distribution Rule 72(t) and SEPP.”
